Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be caused by different types of pathogen. State what type of pathogen causes HIV and describe two ways in which HIV can be transmitted between individuals other than through sexual intercourse.

Cambridge International IGCSE Biology (0610) — 16.5 Sexually transmitted infections · State and Describe · 4 marks · View as Markdown

Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).

Model answer (4 marks)

HIV is caused by a virus.

HIV can be transmitted by sharing contaminated needles or syringes during intravenous drug use.

HIV can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.

Examiner tips

  • Use the exact phrase "caused by a virus". Mention both needle sharing and mother‑to‑child routes. Show that transmission requires contact with infected blood or body fluids.

Common mistakes

  • Writing that HIV is a bacterium or parasite. Forgetting to specify that mother‑to‑child transmission occurs during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding. Failing to mention that contact with infected blood or body fluids is necessary.

Mark scheme (4 marks)

  1. HIV is caused by a virus
  2. HIV can be transmitted through sharing contaminated needles / syringes (intravenous drug use)
  3. HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
  4. HIV is transmitted through infected body fluids / blood (making clear that direct contact with infected blood or body fluids is required)

Key terms in this question

HIV

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