Explain why a eukaryotic cell is able to carry out more complex functions than a prokaryotic cell, and explain how the vacuole and cell wall of a plant cell are each suited to their functions.

Eukaryotic cells possess a true, membrane‑bound nucleus that encloses the DNA, allowing the genetic material to be protected and regulated separately from the cytoplasm. They also contain numerous membrane‑bound organelles such as mitochondria, which compartmentalise metabolic pathways and increase efficiency. These features enable eukaryotes to carry out more specialised and complex functions than prokaryotes.

The permanent vacuole in a plant cell is filled with cell sap (water and dissolved substances). It maintains turgor pressure, pushing the cytoplasm against the rigid cell wall and giving the cell structural support.

The cell wall is composed of cellulose, a strong, rigid polymer. This rigidity provides mechanical support, protects the cell from osmotic lysis, and gives the plant its shape.