Explain why a muscle cell, on its own, cannot carry out all the functions needed to keep a mammal alive.
Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).
Multicellular organisms such as mammals contain many different specialised cells. Each type of cell is adapted to carry out a specific function.
Model answer (4 marks)
A single muscle cell is specialised for contraction and movement.
Other functions such as gas exchange, digestion and coordination need different specialised cell types.
Cells are organised into tissues, organs and organ systems so that many different cell types work together.
This organisation allows all life processes to be carried out and the mammal to survive.
Other functions such as gas exchange, digestion and coordination need different specialised cell types.
Cells are organised into tissues, organs and organ systems so that many different cell types work together.
This organisation allows all life processes to be carried out and the mammal to survive.
Examiner tips
- Use the word "specialised" and link each function to a different cell type.
- Show the hierarchy: cell → tissue → organ → organ system.
- Explain that a single cell cannot perform all functions because it lacks the other specialised cells.
- Use clear, concise sentences and correct UK spelling.
Common mistakes
- Claiming a muscle cell can perform all functions; forgetting to mention other cell types.
- Using vague terms like "different cells" without specifying functions.
- Writing in a narrative style instead of concise, exam‑style sentences.
Mark scheme (4 marks)
- A single muscle cell is specialised / adapted for one specific function (contraction / movement)
- Different functions (e.g. gas exchange, digestion, coordination) require different specialised cell types
- Cells are organised into tissues, organs, and organ systems to carry out complex functions together
- This organisation into organ systems allows the whole organism to survive / all life processes to be carried out
Related
- Revision notes: Levels of organisation →
- How to answer a "Explain" question →
- Decode the mark scheme abbreviations →
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