Explain why a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave are different types of wave, and give one example of each type.

Edexcel GCSE Physics (1PH0) — 4.1 Waves · Explain · 4 marks · View as Markdown

Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).

Waves can be categorised into two types based on the direction of their oscillations relative to the direction of energy transfer.

Model answer (4 marks)

A transverse wave has oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
A longitudinal wave has oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
Example of a transverse wave: light (electromagnetic wave).
Example of a longitudinal wave: sound wave.

Examiner tips

Use the word "perpendicular" for transverse and "parallel" for longitudinal. Give one clear example of each type. Keep the answer concise and to the point.

Common mistakes

Confusing the direction of oscillation with the direction of energy transfer. Giving an example that is not a wave (e.g. a static object).

Mark scheme (4 marks)

In a transverse wave, the oscillations/vibrations are perpendicular (at right angles) to the direction of travel/energy transfer.
In a longitudinal wave, the oscillations/vibrations are parallel to the direction of travel/energy transfer.
Correct example of a transverse wave (e.g. light / any electromagnetic wave / seismic S waves / water waves).
Correct example of a longitudinal wave (e.g. sound waves / seismic P waves).

Key terms in this question

longitudinal wave · transverse wave