Evaluate the use of genetic modification to produce insulin in bacteria as a treatment for people with diabetes.

Cambridge International IGCSE Biology (0610) — 21.3 Genetic modification · Evaluate · 4 marks · View as Markdown

Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).

Model answer (4 marks)

1. Genetically modified bacteria produce human insulin, which is identical to the insulin naturally made in the human body, reducing the risk of immune reactions.
2. The process allows large‑scale production of insulin at a low cost, making the treatment more affordable and widely available.
3. The long‑term health effects of using GM‑produced insulin are not fully known, so there is uncertainty about potential side effects.
4. Ethical concerns arise from manipulating the genetic material of organisms and the risk of releasing GM organisms into the environment.

Examiner tips

  • Use the exact terms from the mark scheme (e.g., ‘identical to the insulin naturally made in the human body’).
  • Show a balanced view: list both advantages and disadvantages.
  • Keep each point concise and directly linked to the scheme.

Common mistakes

  • Mixing up the advantages and disadvantages.
  • Using vague phrases like ‘good’ or ‘bad’ instead of specific points.

Mark scheme (4 marks)

  1. Advantage: genetically modified bacteria produce human insulin, so it is identical to the insulin naturally made in the human body
  2. Advantage: insulin can be produced in large quantities / at low cost
  3. Disadvantage: long-term health impacts of using GM-produced insulin are not fully known
  4. Disadvantage: ethical concerns about manipulating / altering the genetic material of organisms OR concern about releasing genetically modified organisms into the environment

Key terms in this question

genetic modification · insulin

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