Describe the features of a prokaryotic cell and explain how it differs from a eukaryotic cell.

Eduqas GCSE Biology — 1.1.1 Cell structure and organisation · Describe · 4 marks · View as Markdown

Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).

Model answer (4 marks)

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; their DNA is free in the cytoplasm.
They contain no membrane‑bound organelles such as mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum.
They are generally smaller, usually 1–5 µm in diameter.
In contrast, eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and many membrane‑bound organelles, making them larger and more complex.

Examiner tips

Use the exact terms "nucleus" and "membrane‑bound organelles". Show the contrast explicitly – list a prokaryotic feature then the eukaryotic equivalent. Keep each point short and to the point to fit the 4‑mark limit.

Common mistakes

Confusing prokaryotes with bacteria only – all prokaryotes share the same features. Omitting the size comparison or the lack of organelles. Using vague words like "simple" instead of the required terminology.

Mark scheme (4 marks)

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus / genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus / membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not

Key terms in this question

prokaryotic cell · eukaryotic cell