Explain why stem cells are described as unspecialised and outline how they become specialised to carry out a specific function.

WJEC GCSE Biology (Wales) — 2.2.2 Stem cells · Explain · 4 marks · View as Markdown

Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).

Model answer (4 marks)

Stem cells are unspecialised because they have not yet developed a specific structure or function and can divide by mitosis to produce new cells.
They become specialised through differentiation, a process in which certain genes are switched on (or off) so the cell develops the structures required for its specific function.

Examiner tips

Use the term "unspecialised" and explain lack of structure/function. Mention mitosis as the division method. State "differentiation" and gene switching to show understanding of the process.

Common mistakes

Confusing stem cells with mature cells. Omitting the role of gene switching in differentiation. Using vague terms like "change" instead of "differentiate".

Mark scheme (4 marks)

Stem cells can divide (by mitosis) to produce new cells
Stem cells have not yet developed a specific structure or function / they do not yet have a particular role
Stem cells differentiate / undergo differentiation
Differentiation involves certain genes being switched on (or off) so the cell develops the specific structures needed for its function

Key terms in this question

stem cell · unspecialised