Describe the differences between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).
Model answer (4 marks)
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (or totipotent) and can differentiate into any cell type. They are obtained from early-stage embryos.
Adult stem cells are multipotent, differentiating only into a limited range of cell types. They are found in specific tissues or organs of a mature organism, such as bone marrow.
Adult stem cells are multipotent, differentiating only into a limited range of cell types. They are found in specific tissues or organs of a mature organism, such as bone marrow.
Examiner tips
- Use the terms pluripotent/totipotent and multipotent. Mention the source (embryo vs tissue).
- Keep each point brief – one sentence per key idea.
- Show the contrast clearly: ability to differentiate and location.
Common mistakes
- Confusing pluripotent with totipotent or vice versa.
- Saying adult stem cells can become any cell type.
Mark scheme (4 marks)
- Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell (are pluripotent / totipotent)
- Adult stem cells can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types
- Embryonic stem cells are found in / obtained from embryos (in the early stages of development)
- Adult stem cells are found in specific tissues / organs in a mature organism (e.g. bone marrow)
Key terms in this question
stem cells · embryonic stem cells · adult stem cells
Related
- All Eduqas GCSE Biology revision notes →
- How to answer a "Describe" question →
- Decode the mark scheme abbreviations →
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