Describe how the immune system produces antibodies in response to a new pathogen entering the body.

WJEC GCSE Biology (Wales) — 2.6.2 The immune system · Describe · 4 marks · View as Markdown

Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).

Model answer (4 marks)

Pathogens carry antigens on their surface. White blood cells recognise these antigens and, in particular, lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies that are specific to the antigen. The antibodies then bind to the pathogen, neutralising it or marking it for destruction by other immune cells.

Examiner tips

  • Use the word "recognise" for detection of antigens. Mention lymphocytes as the antibody‑producing cells. Show the sequence: antigen → recognition → antibody production → neutralisation/destruction.
  • common_mistakes
  • :
  • Failing to mention lymphocytes. Using vague terms like "immune cells" instead of "white blood cells". Omitting the step where antibodies bind to the pathogen.

Mark scheme (4 marks)

  1. Pathogens have antigens on their surface
  2. White blood cells detect / recognise the antigens
  3. White blood cells (lymphocytes) produce antibodies specific to that antigen
  4. Antibodies bind to / destroy / neutralise the pathogen / lead to its destruction

Key terms in this question

antibodies · pathogen

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