Describe how a pure, dry sample of sodium chloride could be prepared by reacting sodium hydroxide solution with dilute hydrochloric acid. Include in your answer how you would determine the exact volume of acid required.
Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).
Model answer (4 marks)
1. Prepare a 0.1 M NaOH solution and a 0.1 M HCl solution.
2. Add the HCl to the NaOH until the solution turns colourless (using a pH indicator such as phenolphthalein). The volume of HCl at this point is the exact amount needed to neutralise the NaOH.
3. Repeat the titration with the same volumes of NaOH and HCl but without any indicator to confirm the stoichiometry.
4. Evaporate the resulting NaCl solution by gentle heating until a small, saturated volume remains, then allow it to cool. Filter the crystals and dry them in a warm oven or between filter paper.
This yields a pure, dry sample of sodium chloride.
2. Add the HCl to the NaOH until the solution turns colourless (using a pH indicator such as phenolphthalein). The volume of HCl at this point is the exact amount needed to neutralise the NaOH.
3. Repeat the titration with the same volumes of NaOH and HCl but without any indicator to confirm the stoichiometry.
4. Evaporate the resulting NaCl solution by gentle heating until a small, saturated volume remains, then allow it to cool. Filter the crystals and dry them in a warm oven or between filter paper.
This yields a pure, dry sample of sodium chloride.
Examiner tips
- Use a clear indicator to pinpoint the equivalence point; write the volume of acid used. Show the repeat experiment to demonstrate stoichiometry. Explain evaporation until saturation, then cooling and filtration. Mention drying method to remove water.
Common mistakes
- Using the wrong indicator colour or not recognising the end‑point. Failing to repeat the experiment to confirm stoichiometry. Not evaporating enough to reach saturation. Leaving crystals wet or not drying them fully.
Mark scheme (4 marks)
- Use an indicator (e.g. litmus) to find the exact volume of acid needed to neutralise the sodium hydroxide
- Repeat the procedure using the same volumes but without the indicator
- Evaporate / heat the solution to concentrate it (until a small volume / saturated solution remains)
- Leave to cool / crystallise, then filter and dry the crystals (e.g. between filter paper / in a warm oven)
Related
- All Cambridge International IGCSE Chemistry (0620) revision notes →
- How to answer a "Describe" question →
- Decode the mark scheme abbreviations →
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