Describe how a ciliated cell is specialised to carry out its function in the respiratory tract.

Cambridge International IGCSE Biology (0610) — 2.2 Levels of organisation · Describe · 4 marks · View as Markdown

Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).

Model answer (4 marks)

Ciliated cells in the respiratory tract are specialised by having hair‑like structures called cilia covering their apical surface.

The cilia beat in a coordinated wave, which moves mucus – containing dust and bacteria – upwards towards the throat.

The cell contains many mitochondria to supply the energy required for the continuous beating of the cilia.

Examiner tips

Use the term "cilia" and describe their coordinated beating; mention mucus transport; include mitochondria for energy; keep answer concise and to the point.
Show the sequence: cilia → coordinated beat → mucus movement → mitochondria for energy.
Use UK spelling (e.g., "organised").

Common mistakes

Confusing cilia with flagella; not mentioning mucus transport; omitting mitochondria; using vague phrases like "hair‑like structures" without naming them.

Mark scheme (4 marks)

Ciliated cells are covered in hair-like structures called cilia
The cilia move / beat together (in a coordinated wave)
This moves / wafts mucus (containing dust and bacteria) upwards towards the throat
The cell contains many mitochondria to provide energy for the beating of the cilia

Key terms in this question

ciliated cell · cilia · respiratory tract