A paper leaf and a metal coin are both released from rest at the same height above the ground. The paper leaf takes much longer to reach the ground than the metal coin. Explain why the two objects do not reach the ground at the same time.

Cambridge International IGCSE Physics (0625) — 1.2 Motion · Explain · 4 marks · View as Markdown

Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).

Model answer (4 marks)

Both objects are released from rest, so the only force that can change their motion is gravity. The weight of each object is the same downward force, but the paper leaf has a much larger surface area relative to its mass than the metal coin. Consequently the air resistance acting upwards on the leaf is a larger fraction of its weight than the resistance on the coin. The net downward force on the leaf is therefore much smaller, giving it a smaller acceleration. The coin, with a much smaller air resistance, falls with an acceleration close to g and reaches the ground much sooner.

Examiner tips

  • Show the two forces (weight and air resistance) and explain why the ratio of resistance to weight is larger for the leaf
  • Use the term ‘net force’ and ‘acceleration’ to link to Newton’s second law
  • Mention that the leaf’s acceleration is smaller, so it takes longer to reach the ground

Common mistakes

  • Confusing air resistance with weight, or ignoring the relative sizes of the forces
  • Using the wrong direction for air resistance (downwards instead of upwards)
  • Failing to explain that the leaf’s acceleration is smaller, not just that it falls slower

Mark scheme (4 marks)

  1. Both objects experience the same downward force due to gravity / weight acts on both objects downwards
  2. Air resistance acts upwards on both objects, opposing their motion
  3. The paper leaf experiences a greater air resistance relative to its weight than the coin / the resultant downward force on the paper leaf is much smaller relative to its weight
  4. The paper leaf therefore has a smaller acceleration / decelerates more / takes longer to fall

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