A football is kicked into the air and follows a curved path before landing on the ground. Explain the motion of the football from the moment it leaves the player's foot until it reaches its highest point.
Written & reviewed by James Millett — Biology (Imperial College London), PGCE Science (University of Cambridge).
Model answer (4 marks)
The football leaves the foot with an initial velocity that has both horizontal and vertical components.
1. Immediately after launch, the only significant vertical force is its weight,
(F_g = mg), acting downwards.
2. This downward force causes the vertical component of velocity to decrease, i.e. the football decelerates in the vertical direction.
3. While rising, air resistance acts upward, opposite to the motion, further reducing the vertical speed.
4. When the vertical component of velocity becomes zero, the football reaches its highest point and momentarily stops moving upwards before starting to fall again.
1. Immediately after launch, the only significant vertical force is its weight,
(F_g = mg), acting downwards.
2. This downward force causes the vertical component of velocity to decrease, i.e. the football decelerates in the vertical direction.
3. While rising, air resistance acts upward, opposite to the motion, further reducing the vertical speed.
4. When the vertical component of velocity becomes zero, the football reaches its highest point and momentarily stops moving upwards before starting to fall again.
Examiner tips
- Use the word ‘decelerates’ to show change in velocity; mention weight and air resistance explicitly.
- Show the football’s vertical velocity becomes zero at the apex; this is the key point for full marks.
Common mistakes
- Confusing horizontal motion with vertical; ignoring air resistance; not stating that velocity is zero at the highest point.
Mark scheme (4 marks)
- A resultant force acts on the football (due to gravity / weight acting downwards)
- The football decelerates in the vertical direction (upward speed decreases)
- Air resistance acts in the opposite direction to motion, reducing the football's speed
- At the highest point the vertical component of velocity is zero / the football momentarily stops moving upwards
Related
- All Eduqas GCSE Physics revision notes →
- How to answer a "Explain" question →
- Decode the mark scheme abbreviations →
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