# Describe the steps used to produce monoclonal antibodies in a laboratory.

> Eduqas A-Level Biology — 3.3 Microbiology · Describe · 5 marks

## Mark scheme (5 marks)

1. A specific antigen is injected into an animal (e.g. a mouse)
2. The animal produces an immune response and lymphocyte cells are removed from the animal
3. The lymphocyte cells are fused with tumour cells to produce hybridoma cells
4. Hybridoma cells can both divide continuously (indefinitely) AND produce antibodies
5. Hybridoma cells producing the correct antibody are selected and cultured to produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies

## Key terms

- [monoclonal antibodies](https://www.gradenine.co.uk/glossary/monoclonal-antibodies)

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Source: [GradeNine](https://www.gradenine.co.uk/q/describe-the-steps-used-to-produce-f81391de) · Published by Druglandscape Ltd.